Appliances that cycle on and off throughout the day, such as fridges, freezers, and air-conditioners can collectively provide second-by-second electricity supply-demand balancing known as frequency response. Previous studies have shown that …
Major changes are under way in our power grids. Until very recently, a few hundred, very large, dependable fossil-fuelled power stations were supplying power to consumers whose only role was to use energy whenever they wanted.
Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) are a flexible demand resource with the potential to play a significant role in supporting electricity grid operation. We model a large number of identical TCLs acting autonomously according to a deterministic …